extinguished

The word 'extinguished' originates from the Latin verb exstinguere, itself a compound of the intensive prefix ex- ("out, thoroughly") and the verb stinguere ("to quench, to prick"). The core notion in stinguere is one of causing something to stop by poking or damping it, a concept that can be traced back to the Proto-Indo-European root steig- ("to prick, to stick"). Over time, the literal sense of putting out a fire by smothering or dousing it broadened metaphorically. The modern adjective 'extinguished' thus describes not only a fire that has been thoroughly put out but also any hope, passion, or life that has been definitively ended or wiped out, completing the journey from a physical act of quenching to an abstract state of termination.

Structure: ex + tingu + ished - ex: Latin origin, a prefix meaning "out, thoroughly". - tingu: A direct substring from the spelling, derived from Latin stinguere (to quench, extinguish). The 's' was lost in the prefix combination. - ished: A direct substring, representing the past participle suffix '-ed', indicating a completed state or action.