gouged
Meaning
to make a deep hole or cut in something in a rough or violent way
to charge someone an unfairly or excessively high price for something
Usage
the landslide gouged a huge crater in the mountainside.
tourists often feel they are being gouged by the prices in the city center.
he accidentally gouged the table with the corner of his toolbox.
Etymology
the verb 'gouge' entered english in the mid-15th century from old french 'gouge', meaning a type of chisel. the old french term likely derives from late latin 'gubia', a variant of 'gulbia', a word for a chisel or piercer, which is of celtic origin, possibly gaulish. the core semantic thread connects the tool's function—cutting or scooping out material—to the verb's modern meanings of violently cutting a hole or, figuratively, extracting money unfairly. the past tense form 'gouged' follows the regular english verb conjugation pattern of adding '-ed'.
Analysis
the word 'gouged' is the past tense and past participle form of the verb 'gouge'. it is treated as a simplex unit for morphological analysis.