rubato
UK[rʊˈbɑːtəʊ]US[rʊˈbɑːtoʊ]
n
a temporary and subtle deviation from strict tempo, a flexible approach to rhythm for expressive effect in music performance.
Etymology
the term 'rubato' is borrowed directly from italian, where it is the past participle of the verb 'rubare', meaning 'to steal'. the italian phrase 'tempo rubato' translates literally to 'stolen time'. this evocative musical concept originated in the 18th century, describing the practice where a performer 'steals' time from one note or beat, slightly shortening it, in order to 'repay' that time by lengthening another. this creates a flexible, expressive rhythm that departs from mechanical regularity. the term entered english musical vocabulary in the mid-19th century, retaining its core idea of rhythmic freedom for emotional expression.
Analysis
the word is a loanword from italian and is not productively segmented into meaningful sub-parts in english.
Examples
the pianist's sensitive use of rubato in the chopin nocturne was deeply moving.
the conductor allowed a slight rubato in the string melody to enhance its lyrical quality.
while the notation is precise, the performer must decide where to apply rubato.