ruffle
UK[ˈrʌf(ə)l]US[ˈrʌfəl]
v
To disturb the smoothness or evenness of something; to make something uneven or messy.
v
To annoy, irritate, or upset someone.
n
A strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge, used as a decorative trim.
Etymology
The verb 'ruffle' emerged in Middle English, likely as a frequentative form related to the now-obsolete verb 'ruff,' meaning to become agitated or to ruffle. This 'ruff' itself is thought to be of Germanic, possibly Low German or Dutch, origin, perhaps imitative of the sound or motion of disturbance, like the flapping of wings. The core sense of disturbing a smooth surface or calm state is present from its earliest uses. Over time, the meaning extended metaphorically to describe the act of disturbing someone's composure or feelings. The noun form, denoting a decorative frill, developed from the verb, describing fabric that is gathered or pleated to create an uneven, disturbed surface as an ornament.
Analysis
The word 'ruffle' is a simplex word of Germanic origin. It is considered unsegmentable into distinct, meaningful morphemes within modern English spelling. Its core form 'ruff-' is likely imitative or expressive in origin.
Examples
The wind began to ruffle the surface of the lake.
His arrogant comments never failed to ruffle her.
Her dress was adorned with a delicate lace ruffle at the collar.