penalized

The word "penalized" originates from the Latin poena, meaning "penalty" or "punishment," which itself was borrowed from Ancient Greek poinḗ (ποινή), signifying a price paid or a penalty. The adjective-forming suffix -alis was added in Latin to create poenalis, relating to punishment. This entered English as "penal." The verb was formed by adding the productive suffix "-ize," from Greek -izein, which denotes causing an action or state. Thus, "penalize" literally means "to make subject to a penalty," a meaning directly preserved in its modern usage for both legal consequences and sporting infractions.

Structure: penal (punishment) + ized (made into, past tense verb suffix) - penal: From Latin poenalis (of punishment), from poena (penalty, punishment). Functions as the core root conveying the sense of punishment. - ized: A suffix of Greek origin via Latin -izare, forming verbs meaning "to make, to become, or to subject to". Here, it forms the past tense/past participle of the verb "to penalize".