penalize
UK[ˈpiːnəlaɪz]US[ˈpiːnəlaɪz]
v
to punish someone for breaking a rule or law, especially by making them suffer a disadvantage.
v
to give a penalty to a player or team in a sport.
Morpheme Breakdown
penal
ize
penal
related to punishment
ize
to make or become
Etymology
the word 'penalize' is built upon the latin root poena, meaning penalty or punishment, which itself can be traced back to ancient greek poinē (price paid, penalty). the core concept of a punitive consequence is preserved through this lineage. the suffix -ize, a productive verb-forming element in english, transforms the adjective 'penal' into an action meaning 'to make subject to a penalty'. thus, the literal construction 'to make penal' elegantly evolved into the modern sense of imposing a formal punishment or disadvantage for an infraction.
Analysis
Structure: penal (related to punishment) + ize (to make or become)
penal originates from latin poenalis (of punishment), from poena (penalty, punishment). ize is a verb-forming suffix from greek -izein via latin -izare and old french -iser.
Examples
the new policy will penalize companies that pollute the environment.
the referee decided to penalize the defender for a dangerous tackle.
students are penalized for late submission of their assignments.