vandalized
vandalized
UK[ˈvændəlaɪzd]US[ˈvændəlaɪzd]
verb (past tense, past participle)
to deliberately damage or destroy property belonging to other people or to the public
Morpheme Breakdown
vandal
ize
d
vandal
a person who destroys property
ize
verb suffix meaning 'to make or become'
d
past tense suffix
Etymology
the word 'vandalized' originates from the tribal name 'vandal', referring to the east germanic people who sacked rome in the 5th century. their name became synonymous with wanton destruction and barbarism in later latin and romance language writings. by the 17th century, french adopted 'vandale' to mean a destroyer of beautiful things, and english formed the verb 'vandalize' in the 19th century by adding the productive suffix '-ize', meaning 'to act like a vandal'. the modern sense, describing the deliberate defacement or damage of property, retains the core logic of acting with the senseless destructiveness historically attributed to the tribe.
Analysis
Structure: vandal (a person who destroys property) + ize (verb suffix meaning 'to make or become') + d (past tense suffix)
- vandal: from latin vandalus, referring to a member of the east germanic tribe, the vandals, historically associated with the sack of rome in 455 ad. functions as the root noun denoting the agent of destruction.
- ize: from greek -izein via latin -izare and french -iser. a verb-forming suffix meaning 'to make, to cause to be, or to become like'.
- d: from old english -ed, -od, -ad. a suffix used to form the past tense and past participle of regular weak verbs.
Examples
several public buses were vandalized with graffiti last night.
the historic monument had been vandalized, with its statues broken and defaced.
the school is raising funds to repair the classrooms that were vandalized during the break-in.